City divided, city desired

The story of Cape Town is often cast as a tale of two cities - a place defined by division. UCT's African Centre for Cities mounted an exhibition looking at Cape Town's current challenges, but also at its citizens' needs and hopes for the future. City Desired profiles 10 Capetonians whose life experiences give specific insights into the fabric of the city. Seven are featured here.

City Desired Profiles

Colin Barends - Safety & Security

Colin Barends (45) is not your typical gangster. Barends, who served his first sentence for robbery at the age of 16 and spent the next 18 years in and out of half a dozen Western Cape prisons, has been hailed as "one of the best conflict mediators" on the Cape Flats, an apartheid dumping ground for non-whites exiled from District Six and other desirable city areas designated whites-only enclaves.

He works for CeaseFire. A concept imported from the gang-ridden streets of Chicago, CeaseFire came to the streets of Hanover Park in 2012. Officially supported by the City of Cape Town, CeaseFire's operations are delivered through Pastor Craven Engels' First Community Resource Centre, a Pentecostal Protestant non-profit organisation that has run social crime-prevention projects in Hanover Park since 2009. CeaseFire's primary aim is to prevent deadly retaliations between gangs through conflict mediation. It is all about knowing what is happening on the ground and acting fast.

Generally the first on the scene of shootings, 'interrupters' such as Barends focus on staunching the flow of blood (the age-old code that blood must be 'picked up', as it is termed here). Then, with the help of outreach workers, the interrupters try to divert less senior members out of the gang life and into something else that is not yet entirely clear. They work according to an explicitly articulated public health model: 'quarantining' violence 'carriers' to halt 'infection', clinically operating from triage to prevention. However, in neighbourhoods where it is not unusual for 40 shots to be fired in a week, nobody is talking 'cure' just yet.

A recovering drug addict, Barends is sanguine about the difficulties facing the young men he counsels. "With the young people who are starting on this road, I can give tips and I can lead, but you have to walk it on your own."

Mina Plaatjies, domestic worker & unionist - Jobs/Employment

"I don't think any little girls dream of becoming a domestic worker," says Mina Plaatjies (40). "You don't choose that, it just happens." Mina is from Prieska, a small community on the banks of the Orange River in the Northern Cape. In Prieska today, 92.5% of people speak Afrikaans and 30.2% of youth in the local SiyaThemba municipality are unemployed. In mostly English-speaking Constantia, where Mina has lived and worked for the past 18 years, 96% of people have jobs. Mina studied up until standard six, harbouring dreams of being a teacher. Arriving in Cape Town as an unskilled worker with no handle on English, a different reality presented itself.

According to Professor Owen Crankshaw, a sociologist at UCT, and HSRC researcher Jacqueline Borel-Saladin, unskilled manual jobs haven't grown much in comparison to clerical, sales, managerial and professional jobs, which means those with poor education remain at a disadvantage in the job market. The South African Institute for Race Relations estimates that the number of domestic workers dropped 5% from over 1.2 million in 2003 to 1.1 million in 2012. A number of reasons have been posited, from smaller homes to changing culture and labour laws. However, a study by UCT economist Haroon Bhorat has found that the introduction of a minimum wage for domestic workers had not had a negative effect on employment, and real hourly wages have increased.

As a domestic worker, Mina lives in the back room of an upmarket Constantia home, but in her parallel identity as a trade unionist, she travels not only to some of Cape Town's poorest neighbourhoods, but even to other cities. Mina is vice-chair of the Cape Town region of the South African Domestic Service and Allied Workers Union (Sadsawu), and an executive member of the union's National Executive Council. Right now, a key issue for Sadsawu is the current review of the minimum sector wage of around R1800 a month. Sadsawu is pushing for R2500, or R150 a day. "I won't be a domestic worker forever," says Mina. "I need a change. I always see a vision for us domestic workers: you don't have to [get] stuck there in your employer's house."

Gita Goven - Housing

"As a young woman, especially being black in a more white environment, it was very difficult," says architect and urban planner Gita Goven (55). "People often assumed I was either the secretary or the junior, even though I was the principal in the practice."

Goven, who grew up in Springs and studied architecture at Wits and UCT, cofounded ARG Design in 1999. The Cape Town-based company specialises in urban design, architecture, environmental management and landscape architecture. ARG has worked on a number of key projects in housing, education and transportation. It is currently providing concept planning on WesCape, a R140 billion urban development project that envisages the creation of a mini-city with 200 000 homes near Melkbosstrand, 15km northwest of central Cape Town. Roughly half of the planned 800 000 population will comprise lower-income earners. WesCape has been earmarked for completion within 20 years and will offer hospitals and clinics, libraries and community halls, schools and sports complexes, industrial, commercial and retail opportunities, on 3 100 hectares of land.

Housing is key national issue. Since 1994, government has been battling to eradicate the staggering housing backlog, which has swollen to 2.3 million units in 2014, up from about 1.5 million in 1994.

Design, thinks Goven, can play a "huge role" in uplifting communities. "But the power of design goes nowhere unless you have people who are interested and committed to transformation," says the architect, who in the early 1980s worked for the Ahmedabad Study Action Group building housing for the landless poor.

"It interfaces between economics, settlements, environment and community development. Over time, what became clearer to me was that most of the townships were structured as dormitories with very little other input or attractors of investment that could make a difference." Goven emphasises that settlements have to be designed in such a way that they inspire people and bring the best out of a community.

Kieyaam Ryklief, emerging farmer, Philippi - Food

The story of food and our city is a complex one. One could begin to explore it on the Cape Flats, where emerging farmers like Kieyaam Ryklief (46) try to coax and cajole growth out of the reluctant soil, so the city can put broccoli and cauliflower and salad leaves on its table. For most of us, it is the obvious place to start, at the very headwaters of what often looks like a linear flow of food from farmer to fork. Or, one could start an exploration of urban food security in the aisles of the hypermarket where Kieyaam and his wife, Shereen, push their trolley like many other Capetonians.

Supermarkets, after all, are the biggest and most publicly visible part of the otherwise almost amorphous system that allows calories and nutrients to flow from the farm, along transportation routes, through packing houses and processing plants and warehouses, to retailers, and eventually onto our plates. Nearly 70% of all the food sold in South Africa in 2010 moved through the checkout tills of our supermarkets, according to the Financial Mail. The big four - Pick n Pay, Woolworths, Spar and Shoprite Checkers - own the lion's share of that trade, some 97% of retail food sales. And they're expanding yearly. For anyone wanting to think about the complexity of feeding our growing urban population, these retailers are the kingpins in the system.

Maybe a story of food in Cape Town should focus on Kieyaam and Shereen's dining room, where the family seat themselves around a coffee table on deep cushions. After all, it is here that they eat their halaal mutton and chicken curries on rice, with side servings of frikkadel (meatballs) and a grated carrot and tomato salad, lifting the food from their plates expertly between fingertips. Surely this communing over food is as ancient as we are as a species.

But perhaps the best place to start such a story is from the point of view of Malawi-born James Chembe and his fellow informal traders, who bring food to the passing rush-hour foot traffic on roadside pavements, close to railway stations and taxi ranks around the city. Their operations are small, the individual turnover not even a speck in the city's fiscal eye. But together with all the other informal food traders whose stalls pop open like daisy flowers each morning, and fold shut at dusk, they are an overlooked source of food for the poor. Without them, many city dwellers would be at greater risk of going hungry.

James, and others like him, have struck up innovative relationships with farmers like Kieyaam - not only did they voice a demand; sometimes they even supplied seed to famers. The formal market has overlooked this need, allowing Kieyaam a business opportunity that, importantly, also feeds others.

John Parker - Health

"I can engage with someone who's completely psychotic," says John Parker (48), a psychiatrist at Lentegeur Hospital in Mitchell's Plain. "I can go in there, and I've done it a lot of times, where no-one else will go near the person, and I can walk in there and make peace. It's about learning to speak to the human deep inside there."

Despite dealing with the darker aspects of human experience on a daily basis, Parker, a Wits graduate, is clear that his role as a psychiatrist in a government hospital serving poor communities on Cape Town's periphery is not one of self-sacrifice.

"If you do things only for other people, self-sacrifice, it's the surest road to bitterness and burnout. You need to do it for yourself, but it's a conception of the self that is well beyond Western individualism."

About 30% of adult South Africans will experience at least one mental disorder in their lifetimes, in part due to the high incidence of alcohol and drug abuse and dependency. In the Western Cape, the province with the highest prevalence of common mental disorders according to a national study, particularly in poorer areas on the city's periphery, drug use underpins a rise in the prevalence of mental illness. The relationship between drug use and mental illness among children and adolescents in the Cape Flats is so volatile that a few years ago Lentegeur had to close an inpatient child and adolescent therapeutic unit and convert it to a psychosis recovery unit.

Parker's response to the crisis has included the introduction of a vegetable garden staffed by long-term patients, and the greening of some parts of the hospital. The Spring Project, as it is known, is not about beautification. There is a deep theoretical concept attached to Parker's ideas, informed by the recovery movement.

"The whole way our society sees mental illness is that it's profoundly hopeless and is something that's shameful," says Parker. This is something he wants to change.

Hasan and Husain Essop - Culture

Twin brothers Hasan and Husain Essop (29) grew up in Rylands. Their father, Yunus Essop, was forcibly relocated there in the 1970s by apartheid legislation from District Six, a racially mixed suburb in the city's heart. District Six was declared a whites-only area in 1966. House demolitions followed shortly after. About 60 000 people were eventually displaced. Yunus Essop's family roots were Indian, as were those of his wife, Rashidah Essop. Through the instrumentality of the Group Areas Act of 1950, Rylands was designated for 'Indians' while the central urban nodes were designated for whites.

Later the Essop family moved to Penlyn Estate. "This was our life," says Hasan of the two neighbourhoods - a circumscribed horizon line for the brothers until they enrolled at the Michaelis School of Fine Art at UCT. Their decision to study art effectively reset those boundaries.

The Essops make photographs of themselves replicated in different poses in carefully selected landscapes. Rylands and Penlyn Estate feature strongly in 'Unrest', their current Standard Bank Young Artist Award travelling exhibition. "I come from a neighbourhood where crime is a big problem," says Hasan. "You are bred to be tough. At high school, you had to fight to stand your ground. I think that because we live in this environment, I have naturally grown this militant side, even though I have a gentle side, a fashionable side, an art side."

This duality is captured in their travelling exhibition too. "It is feeling the tension of South Africa that is shaking, that is about to explode, that is not going to explode," offers Hasan.

Christina Mtandana - Extreme weather events/Climate Change

Christina Mtandana (40) owns a takeaway and restaurant in Sweet Home Farm, an informal settlement in Philippi on the Cape Flats. Known as Siqalo, from isiqalo meaning "new start" in Xhosa, and situated in her five-room home, the business has two fridge-freezers, a microwave, a deep fryer and plumbing that she paid a contractor to install.

Mtandana's business deals with frequent electricity outages. Electricity, along with the other primary municipal services—running water, proper sanitation, efficient refuse removal, installing and maintaining storm water drains—is critical to the well-being of neighbourhoods such as Sweet Home. This is particularly true as the region ploughs forward into a climate-altered future, where heat waves, windstorms, droughts and wintertime floods are likely to happen more often, and more aggressively.

Mtandana ran Siqalo from her father's house for a year, because it was closer to one of the main routes through Sweet Home and always bustling with foot traffic as people headed to the taxi rank or school. But his house is lower down than hers, and flooded often. Informal settlements such as Sweet Home are plagued by 'ponding' every year. If the water rises high enough, it floods into residents' homes.

So why do people like Mtandana settle in areas where it invariably floods, year after year?

The motivations, researchers at the University of Cape Town's Flooding in Cape Town under Climate Risk (FLiCCR) Project found, are complex; and more rational than one might think: new settlers often arrive in summertime, when an area looks dry and habitable; they might buy a shack, but the former owner won't tell them how bad the flooding actually gets; they will probably need to live as close to a taxi rank or train station as possible, so they can get to town easily and find work; and, as is also often the case, they have nowhere else to go.

Photos by Sydelle Willow Smith for City Desired. Courtesy of African Centre for Cities.